B. Latanoprostene bundo is a combination drug that works on both the trabecular meshwork and the uveal scleral outflow. It is made up of prostaglandin and nitric oxide. Prostaglandin works on the uveal scleral outflow and nitric oxide works on the Trabecular meshwork.

E. Pink cap indicates steroids. Red cap is mydriatic. Blue and yellow caps are glaucoma drugs.

B. Carteolol is a weak non-selective beta blocker. Carteolol does not cross the Blood brain barrier and thus has the lowest chance of causing anything to go on with the chemical balance of the brain.

A. Dorzolamide. Travatan is a prostaglandin that acts on the uveoscleral outflow mechanism. Dorzolamide is a CAI that works on the production of aqueous humor. Imagine the eye as a sink that is turned out and the drain is clogged. Prostaglandin will clean out the drain but the water is still overflowing. The only other logical thing to do is to shut off the water or reduce the amount of water coming in. This same principal can be applied to the effect of travatan on the aqueous humor mechanism.

C. scopolamine is the go to drug for motion sickness

D. verteporfin is used for injection with diode laser to treat CNVM caused by ARMD

A. Cornea absorbs 80% of drugs in the eye. 20% or more is usually lost to the lacrimal system.

E. All of the above.

D. Adrenergic antagonists are considered beta blockers. The MOA of beta blockers are to decrease the production of Aqueous Humor in the ciliary body

B. pilocarpine causes contraction of the iris sphincter which opens up the aqueous outflow.

A. Atropine is contraindicated in Down Syndrome patients. The MOA effect on down syndrome patients is unknown. Phenylephrine is contraindicated in anyone with blood pressure issues, betaxolol is contraindicated in patients with asthma. Pilocarpine is contraindicated in anyone with a retinal detachment or high hyperopes.

B. Phenylephrine.
There are no absolute contraindications to phenylephrine aside from hypersensitivity to the drug or any of its components. Phenylephrine contains sodium metabisulfite, a sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions, including anaphylactic symptoms or less severe asthmatic episodes in susceptible people.

B and E. Propylthiouracil and methimazole
→ Propylthiouracil blocks the synthesis of thyroid hormones by blocking peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 as well as blocking oxidation of iodine in the thyroid. Those with liver issues have to be careful as it carries a black box warning of hepatotoxicity.
→ Methimazole blocks the synthesis of thyroid hormones by blocking oxidation of iodine in the thyroid. Adverse effects include being teratogenic as well as agranulocytosis.
Levothyroxine, also known as Synthroid, is used for low thyroid levels (think Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis). Remember with low thyroid levels, we expect to see increased TSH and decreased T3 & T4 data in their bloodwork results.
Glyburide and Pioglitazone are both used for treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Glyburide is a sulfonylurea so careful utilizing it for patients with sensitivities to sulfa! Other sulfonylureas include chlorpropamide and glipizide and all of these block K+ channels on beta cells of the pancreas to promote insulin release.
Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione that acts on peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR-gamma) to increase insulin sensitivity.