D. The vitreous makes up 80% of the total volume of the eye. The total amount is 4mL

C. Iris root is the thinnest portion of the iris. Because of this it is the most easily susceptible portion of the iris to be torn.

B,D. Krukenberg spindles are associated with pigment loss of the iris. Iris transillumination and pigment dispersion syndrome are key indications of krukenberg spindles. Lens cataracts can cause some loss of pigment but are not a direct cause. Weiss’ ring is caused by trauma where the iris pressed up against the lens of the eye.

C. SPCN’s

B. CN3. Levator muscle is innervated by CN3. Muscle of mullers is a sympathetic innervation

E. Posterior communicating artery is the most commonly artery in the Circle of Willis that is subjected to aneurysm.

C. immediately posterior to the vortex veins

E. SPCA and SPCN are located in 4 quadrants of the peripheral retina. The LPCN are located at 3 and 9 o’clock positions in the peripheral retina

A. Left superior rectus. Superior rectus primary action is elevation secondary action of INcyclo and tertiary action of ADDuction. When the patient is looking towards their left (abduction) you are solely isolating the elevator muscle to cause elevation with no help from secondary action muscles. Thus Left superior rectus is the correct answer. For a visualization draw a Parks 3 step diagram and look at what muscle is isolated for elevation

B. Sherrington’s law of innervation is concerned with the contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the same eye. Hering’s law is the muscle innervation between 2 eyes. Remember sherring the same eye.

C. RSR. When performing Park’s 3 step we are only concerned with the muscle that makes the deviation WORSE not better. A left hypertrophia muscles affected are either the right IR, SO or left SR, IO.

B. Stage 2. The roof develops a break and commences to develop a thickness macular hole. Watzke Allen test is positive when the slit beam is broken indicating where and how big the whole is.

A. Greater wing of sphenoid. Great Z is a lateral play, Front Less, SMEL medial, My Pal Get’s Z on the floor

D. LGN. They originate from the LGN. The Parietal lobe contains the optic radiations that control the inferior section of the optic nerve or the superior portion of vision. The temporal lobe contains the optic radiations that control the superior ection of the optic nerve or the inferior portion of vision. PITS

C. posterior knees loop into the ipsilateral optic tract before crossing

C. The ELM is composed of zonula adherens. The bruch membrane provides no barrier function but acts more like a shock absorber to the retina because of its elastic core

C. superior wedge. The temporal third contains the papillomacular bundle

C. the Embryonic nucleus has the highest index of refraction. The lowest index of refraction is the outer cortex layer. The further deep you get into the lens the higher the index of refraction

D. Descemet membrane. The naked nerve endings are located in the epithelium and the nerves lose their myelin sheath as they enter the corneal stroma from the limbus

C. corrugator. Corrugators think concentration. Frontalis is the primary elevator of the eyebrows. Orbicularis is the primary depressor of the eyelids. Procerus elevates the nose

D. Iris collarette. The anterior vascular is formed before the membrane. The membrane contributes to the minor circle not the major circle. The pupillary rugg is epithelial tissue

B. Mesenchyme.

D. Mesenchyme. This layer only does bones and muscles of the orbital region

C. tertiary. Tertiary forms zonules that are located in the posterior chamber. Primary vitreous is dissolved upon development of the orbital.

B. Upright Y suture. The embryonic nucleus has no sutures. Sutures are only located in the fetal nucleus

C. Bipolar cells. The inner neuroblastic layer forms amacrine, ganglion, and muller cells. The outer neuroblastic layer formes photoreceptor, bipolar, and horizontal

C. Choroid. Choroidal blood flow is 10 times higher than the retina. However oxygen flow is low in this area

D. Meibomian gland. Goblet cells secrete mucus, moll and wolfring secrete aqueous layer

D. lacrimal. Proteins are present in the lacrimal gland in addition to immunoglobulins, electrolytes, and water. Goblet cells secrete mucus. Zeis and meibomian secrete sebum or cholesterol

C. Exudates are a sign of Wet ARMD aka exudative ARMD. Submacular hemes are not located in the NFL because the macula does not possess the NFL layer. Drusens are indicative of dry ARMD AKA non exudative ARMD

C. stroma is highly hydrophilic. Epithelium is hydrophobic but lipophilic

A. 100-280. This is known as the UV-C spectrum area. Cornea absorbs the UV-C and some UV-B. UV-B is mostly absorbed by the aqueous and the lens of the eye.

C. 155mm HG under open eye conditions will oxygen partial pressure be a factor

B. glutathione is the primary protector against oxidative damage in the lens. Ascorbic acid also helps to protect the lens from oxidative damages but is not the main preventor of oxidative damage.

C. 0.02mm per year

D. The ciliary body is the main producer and minor drainer of the human eye in addition to helping with the accommodation.

A,B. Risk factors for PVD include age, myopia, diabetes, intraocular surgery and inflammation, as well as trauma

B. cGMP keeps Na+ channels open to promote depolarization when glutamate is released to bipolar cells. An increase in light decreases levels of cGMP resulting in closure of the sodium channels, hence the negative charge of the cell membrane increases to -65mV.

C. The outer retinal layers contain the photoreceptors to bipolar cells located in the inner nuclear layer, but does not include the ganglion cell layer.

B. B waves measure the activity of bipolar and muller cells. A wave measures photoreceptor activity. C wave measures RPE activity. Remember that an EOG can also be used to measure function of the RPE.