A. Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the CNS that enable fast saltatory impulse propagation. Schwann Cells are myelinating cells of the PNS that provide the same function of the Oligodendrocytes but only to the PNS. Altho oligodendrocytes are a type of glial cells, the answer is not specific to only the CNS. Astrocytes are a sub type of glial cell that are star shaped and process envelope synapse made by the neuron.

B. A neural circuit is a group of neurons in which impulse is affected at the same time usually in the same direction. Convergent means many neurons send a signal to one nerve. Divergent means one nerve sends a signal to several nerves.

B. nerve impulses are regulated by myelination of the axons. The more myelination a nerve has the slower the impulse. Continuous condition is slower due to the fact that the nerve undergoes a repolarization phase that lasts longer than a non continuous conduction.

A. Cerebrospinal fluid. Interstitial fluid is fluid found within the space around a cell. It comes from blood vessel leakage. Cerebrospinal fluid is colorless fluid produced by the spinal cord that surrounds the CNS not space around cells.

B. 1) opening of Na+ channels 2) opening of calcium channels 3) Calcium channels inactivated and potassium flow out

D. P wave. It represents the electrical depolarization of the atria of the heart.

A. SA node is the start node.

A. Intorsion of the eye. CN4 innervates the SO. The SO primary function is intorsion

B. CN2 innervates smell. Anosmia is the loss of smell

D. Frontal. Brodmann area 8 is the area involved in the management of uncertainty. Clinically if a patient comes in uncertain about everything and a saccadic defect. Then we can localize what area of the brain is affected.

C. Vestibule is controlled by linear VOR. Semicircular canals are controlled by angular VOR

B. Midbrain. local circuit neurons located in the midbrain near the oculomotor nucleus. These neurons generate a burst of action potentials. The onset of the burst is the command to generate a vergence movement, and the frequency of the burst determines its velocity

A. A lesion above the medulla will lead to problems with motor control on the contralateral side of the upper body not the upper face. The facial muscles are controlled by the facial nerve found in the upper brain

A. Pyramidal motor cell axons come together and form the internal capsule. These fibers then move through the cerebral peduncles, pons and medulla to from the medulla pyramids

B. anterolateral system AKA spinothalamic pathway carries pain and temperature information from the body. Trigeminothalamic pathway carries pain and temperature information from the face.

C and D. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that control input of the visceral organs, secretory glands, and smooth muscles. However, the autonomic nervous system is not a voluntary input system. Such examples of these would be the first two options listed.

C. Koniocellular layers are located between each of the 6 layers throughout the LGN. The magnocellular layers are layers 1 and 2 on the ventral side of the LGN. Parvocellular layers are 3,4,5,6 on the dorsal side of the LGN.

C. Konio cells. Magno cells are sensitive to fast movements and large details. Parvo cells are sensitive to red green and fine details.

D. simple cells are located in layer 4 of the LGN. Simple cells have elongated center surround receptive fields that respond to specific orientation, edge, color and depth.

B.The Edinger Westphal nucleus contains fibers that form the tectotegmental tract. The pretectal nucleus is not part of this tract. Pay close attention to the wording of this question. The tectotegmental tract is defined as the pretectal fibers projecting to both ipsilateral and contralateral edinger-westphal nuclei.

E. Anterior cerebral and middle cerebral supplies the frontal lobe of the brain. Middle cerebral supplies blood to every part of the brain. The posterior cerebral supplies blood to the temporal and occipital lobes of the brain .