For a photochemical damage mechanism, which of the following is false characteristic?

Pfizer has just developed a new drug that they claim will cure prostate cancer. They are currently seeking 80-100 volunteers for a clinical trial where they will determine the optimal drug concentration to receive results. Which stage of clinical investigation are they currently undergoing?

What is it called when there are more electrons found in higher energy levels than the lower ground energy levels?

Which of the following is commonly employed for the treatment of ulcerative colitis?

A 25 y/o male is allergic to penicillin but requires antibacterial treatment with a drug that has a similar spectrum of coverage. Which of the following should be prescribed?

A patient was administered medication to treat an ocular bacterial infection. Not long after, he developed Steven Johnson Syndrome. What drug is known to cause this side effect?

Pseudomembranous colitis is a complication known to occur with the use of?

What cholinergic antagonist reaches maximum mydriasis the fastest?

What test is MOST beneficial in determining stages of cancer in a patient?

Maria is a 24 year old hispanic female suffering from chronic migraines. Which of the following beta blockers can you administer prophylactically to relieve her symptoms?

Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of cholinergic agonists?

A 45 y/o patient with chronic liver disease is admitted to the general medicine ward due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to active peptic ulcer disease. Which of the following antisecretory agents is used safely in this case?

Of the Anti-Leukotriene drugs, all are effective orally and all but one inhibit cytochrome P450. Which of the following does NOT inhibit Cytochrome P450?

Parathyroid hormone, calcitriol and calcitonin are

A roommate of a college student is being treated in the hospital for acute meningococcal meningitis. It is wise to administer him prophylactic treatment with which of the following drugs?

The intrinsic ability of muscle tissue to return to its original shape best defines

Select the letter with the correct sequence of structures that allows the normal sequence of excitation to progress through the heart.

Where does blood filtration occur in the nephron of a kidney?

Which of the following is the major hormone that regulates water loss?

The portion of the kidney identified by letter B is called?

Angiotensin II will specifically promote which of the following?

If the Buccinator muscle is damaged, then which gland would be impacted?

The mass of tissue localized between the sternum, vertebral column and the lungs is known as.

A 25 years old optometric student has his lung function evaluated through a spirometric exam. The following information is obtained from this exam: Total lung capacity: 6,000 ml., Vital capacity: 4,800 ml., Tidal volume: 500 ml; Residual volume; 1,200 ml. Knowing that his respiratory rate is 14 / minute please determine his minute ventilation.

The left lung is unique in which of the following aspects?

Which of the following will invariably lead to metabolic alkalosis if untreated?

The human red blood cells possess specific antigens which serve for identification. If after a motor vehicle accident a subject with blood group O requires transfusion of multiple blood units. The best product will be the one from a donor with blood group type?

A 53 year old female presents to the clinic with bloody sputum, fatigue, and a chest x-ray which shows multiple light areas of varying size leading you to suspect a diagnosis of tuberculosis. After culturing, which of the following stains would you expect to be positive?

Using the picture please determine the letter that is consistent with bacterial resistance

Which part of the ear is controlled by linear VOR?

This electrical event triggers contraction of the atria.

Which of the following are controlled by the autonomic nervous system? (SELECT TWO)

Which of the following structures is considered the pacemaker of the heart?

Which nucleus forms the tectotegmental tract?

Which of the following wavelengths does the cornea absorb the most?

Cholesterol is the primary component of what type of secretory cell?

Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervation of the main upper eyelid retractor?

The apical surfaces of the fetal nucleus form

When performing park’s 3 steps in your patient, you find the following: Left hypertropia in primary position, hyperopia increase in dextroversion and hypertropia increased in right head tilt. According to this information, which one of the following should be the affected muscle?

Which of the following are located on the lateral wall of the orbit?

The short ciliary arteries and nerves are located in

A patient presents with symptoms mimicking retinitis pigmentosa. An ERG test was conducted and confirmed the suspected diagnosis. Which layer of the retina did the ERG test?

What area of the eye has the lowest concentration of GAGs?

Which of the following is not associated with Krukenberg spindles? (SELECT 2)

Patient presents with the following topography. What layer of the cornea is most affected based off what you see?

Which of the following are not considered signs of keratoconus? (SELECT 3)

All of the following would differentiate between Megalocornea and Buphthalmos EXCEPT:

Patient comes in asking about wavefront- Guided Lasik. What are the benefits that this specific treatment provides compared to normal Lasik?

Which of the following is accurate for patients who has a central corneal nebula?

Which of the following is TRUE regarding Scleral chemical acid injury?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Aniridia?

Which condition can present with unilateral anterior uveitis?

What type of collagen is the sclera primarily composed of?

What is considered the average IOP value in a healthy patient younger than 50?

Which complication is MOST LIKELY expected after a YAG capsulotomy procedure?

Which of the following are not functions of the tear film?

Young male patient presents to your office with anisocoria. After examination, you find the following: Anisocoria is larger in dim illumination and accommodative response is increased. According to the information, which one of the following is the MOST probable cause of pupillary anomaly?

What layer of the retina does the photoreceptor body found in?

Your patient presents with the following: AV nicking, Flame hemorrhages and cotton wool spots. According to Keith Wagener Barker’s hypertensive retinopathy classification, your patient can be classified as to be in stage___.

When your patient is doing a left head tilt, the respective action of the left inferior rectus and the right superior rectus can be explained by the following principle

Which of the following does not affect accommodative response?

If the objective angle of deviation in esotropia is 35 degrees and the angle of anomaly is 45 degrees esotropia, what form of correspondence has a patient in the absence of diplopia?

You perform Hirschberg test on a patient and the test reveals: OD is centered and OS -1.5mm. What is the magnitude?

Which of the following is not a non-strabismic anomaly? (SELECT 2)

You perform duochrome and ask your patient which side is more clear; and patient says that both sides are equal. What could be the problem?

An ocular lens +4.00 +1.00 x180 is ground in minus cylinder form with the flattest of the two back surfaces having a power of -3.00 D. What is the base curve?

An astigmatic reduced eye has a power of +60 D @ 090 and +58 D @ 180 with standard axial length. What is the ocular refraction?

What type of astigmatism would a patient with soft contact lens prescription of : -2.00+2.00×100 have?

While doing retinoscopy neutralize the 045 meridian with +6.00D lens at 40 cm. You then neutralize the 135 meridian with a +4.25 D lens at 67 cm. What is the prescription you would prescribe to this patient?

A patient is a 3D uncorrected hyperopia and examiner is an 3D uncorrected myope. Assuming accommodation fully relaxed on the examiner and patient, what lens should be used in the peephole of the direct ophthalmoscope to view the fundus?

A 1.53 index prism with an apical angle of 15 deg used at 25 cm, produces an image displacement of how much in cm?

What is the object height of a system where the inverted real +5 mm image is located 25 cm behind a +5D lens?

Given the index the cornea to be 1.376 and index of the aqueous to be 1.336 of a schematic eye, what’s the complete equivalent power of the cornea when the distance between the front and back surfaces of the cornea is 0.5 mm (r​front=​ 7.7mm, r​back=​ 6.8mm)

While working on a lensometer with a standard +25D badal lens, you moved the dial 5mm closer to the badal. You see a clear neutral target in the lensometer, what is the back surface power of the lens? How many mm of movement correspond to 1D?

A reduced eye with index 1.333 is corrected with spectacle -5.25DS lens placed 12 mm in front of the eye. What is the power of this eye assuming standard axial length?

A 45 year old patient comes to your office with a chief complaint of blurry vision at distance at the end of the day. His current spectacle prescription has a back vertex power of -7.00 DS OD, OS with an add of +1.50 D. He explains he notices an improvement of symptoms if his spectacles are placed further from his eyes. According to his chief complaint and objective findings, the practitioner may expect what findings after finalizing the glasses prescription?

You determined the near point of accommodation (push up method) to be 40 cm in front of point P when fully corrected. You repeated the NPA without correction and found it to be 67 cm in front of point P. Assuming full accommodation on both procedures; the amount and type of ametropia is?

A patient with astigmatism was refracted at 10 mm and found the following spectacle correction; +2.50+2.50×180. Where are the far points located for this patient?

The far point of a patient was determined to be a real object placed 50 cm from the eye’s principal point while wearing a +4.00DS contact lens. What amount and type of ametropia does the patient have?

What is the latency for optokinetic nystagmus reflex?

A patient walks into your office and performs a bruckner test. Upon illumination you notice the right eye has a dark/dull reflex and the left eye has a bright beautiful reflex. Which eye is the fixating eye and which is deviating?

You are performing duochrome test in the refraction. The lens placed in the phoropter at the beginning of the test is a -4.00 DS lens. If the patient reports seeing the letters on the green side darker and better than the red side; what does this mean?

What term best describes the reflex eye movement that is seen following the termination of a barany chair clockwise stimulation in the dark?

The line within panum’s space that connects the set of spatial points in space that are perceived as single while binocularly fixating on an object point is called?

You perform near point of accommodation on a 2.00D myope wearing contact lens for full correction and determine it to be 8 cm in front of the cornea. What is his/her amplitude of accommodation?

A Prescription for an aphakic patient reads:
OD: +16.00 DS
OS: +16.00 DS
Refracting distance of 14 mm.
This patient’s far point is located approximately

Which of the following laws states that each SCC influences a yoked pair of extraocular muscles?

What mydriatic agent is used to treat motion sickness?

Which drug is used to treat hyperthyroidism? (SELECT TWO)

Mr. Johnson visited his local optometrist for a follow up visit. He was diagnosed with uveitis, and was given a topical steroid on his first visit. The bottle containing Mr. Johnson’s medication will most likely be what color?

Vertical imbalance must be corrected for reading level 10 mm below the distance OC for the following prescription:

OD: -1.00-2.00×180
OS: -1.00-3.00×180
Add: +2.00
Segment drop of 5mm

Which of the following segment drops would allow for a drop of 5 mm?

When performing direct ophthalmoscopy which of the following is true?

A lens clock reads as follows on its major meridians: 160 degree meridian front surface +4.00 D, back surface -6.00 D 70 degree meridian; front surface +4.00 D, back surface -8.00 D. Assuming the lens material has an index of 1.53, what is the approximate prescription (nominal) in ​PLUS​ cylinder form?

You measure an Rx of +4.50-6.00×075 in a lensometer with a +25D standard badal lens. How far does the object move from its original primary position on the 165 meridian?

A lens has a power of pl -2.00×090 it is decentered 2 mm nasally and edged 50 mm round. Which edge is the thickest?

An optometrist has reduced the size of his projected chart to correspond to a testing distance of 15 ft. A patient needs to be 5 ft in front of the chart to be able to read the 20/400 letter. What is the actual acuity of this patient? (SELECT 3)

Which of the following diagnostic non contact lenses provides an erect virtual image of the fundus?

Which of the following wavelengths of laser light is considered to be the MOST effective for the treatment of the macula but avoiding damage to the macula?

Which materials are NOT considered hypoallergenic?

A patient has read at six meters a standard Snellen letter labeled 20/40. Calculate the MAR.

Pantoscopic tilt of a spherical plus (+) lens induces a cyl. axis in which meridian? Face Form tilt of a spherical plus (+) lens induces a cyl. axis in which meridian? By cyl. axis we mean the axis of the spherocylinder in minus cyl. Notation.

Which of the following lasers is highly used to treat recurrent corneal erosions?

Five different patients: Vincent, Maria, Charlie, Delia and Malcolm are being treated with different lasers for a choroidal disease. Vincent is being treated with diode 850nm Charlie with argon 514nm, Maria with krypton 647nm, Delia with krypton 568nm and Malcom with dye 760nm. Based on the absorption transmission characteristic, which of the patients will receive the most effective treatment?

Four different lasers are used to treat using the photothermal type of mechanism. Laser JJJ uses a pulse exposure duration of 4 sec and a spot size of 45 microns. Laser AAA uses a pulse exposure duration of 8 sec. and a spot size of 35 micron. Laser ccc uses a pulse exposure duration of 8 sec. and spot size of 35 micron. Which one will give the LEAST damage

Out of the following statements, select the one answer that is NOT true regarding telescopes.

A microscope has a 6mm focal length objective and 16mm focal length ocular lens. The separation between the two lenses is 150mm. Calculate the Total angular magnification of the microscope.

Given an entrance pupil with diameter 75 mm and exit pupil diameter 6.3 mm, what is the total length of the a keplerian telescope which has an objective +1.25D lens

Using a Galilean telescope of +2.00D objective and -80D ocular lens, what is the tube length required to make this telescope function? What is the magnification?

What is the refracting power of a 3X simple magnifier?

Which of the following will invariably lead to metabolic alkalosis if untreated?

Which of the following is more relevant to chrysiasis?

Which of the following have low survivability outcomes for patients?

Which of the following laboratory tests would be MOST appropriate for a patient with chronic, bilateral, granulomatous anterior uveitis?

Please select the correct order of ear bones from most superficial to least superficial.

Which of the following is the least appropriate illumination when testing color vision?

Which ophthalmic spectacle aberration is related to Petzval curvature?

What is the perceptual/developmental experience of fusion of dichoptic images with similar but contrast-reversed targets that fall on corresponding retinal loci?

Which is the most prevalent color vision anomaly in males?

Under steady fixation, the fading of stimuli with prolonged viewing is known as

According to Kollner’s rule which color vision anomaly is expected in a patient with age related macular degeneration?

Which of the following diagnostic tests is NEVER indicated in cases of scleral injury due to metal foreign body?